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Redburga or Raedburh appears in a late medieval manuscript held by Oxford University as wife of king Egbert of Wessex. She is described there as "regis Francorum sororia", which means "pertaining to the sister of the French king". This is somewhat vague and has been taken to mean sister of Charlemagne, sister-in-law as the sister of his fourth wife, Luitgard, or some more distant relationship. Her very existence has been questioned, she being found only in manuscript of a much later date, suggested to have been forged to link the early Kings of England to the great West Emperor.

Chronologically, it has been suggested that Charlemagne arranged Raedburh's marriage to Egbert in the year 800. Egbert, who had been forced into exile at Charlemagne's court by Offa, King of Mercia, returned to England in 802, where he became King of Wessex.

The uncertainty over Redburga has been further complicated by the existence of an Egbert at the Carolingian court, and attempts have been made to identify this continental nobleman with the exiled Wessex prince. That Egbert, who was duke of all Saxony between the Rhine and the Weser, died in 811. He was survived by his widow, who devoted her life to helping the poor and became known as "Saint Ida of Herzfeld", the patron saint of brides and widows. These identifications would make Redburga identical to Saint Ida. However, unless the Egbert reported in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to have regained his throne in Wessex in 802 was, in fact, serving instead as a feudal supporter of Charlemagne in Saxony for many of the years following his return to Wessex, Saint Ida was not the Raedburh who married Egbert of Wessex. Given the irreconcilable differences in the dates of death given for these two Egberts, this solution is dismissed by most scholars.

Redburga would be mother of Æthelwulf, who later became King of England. Her grandson is Alfred the Great.

Julia the Younger (19 BC - c. AD 29)(Classical Latin: IVLIA•MINOR[1]) or Julilla (little Julia), Vipsania Julia Agrippina, Iulilla, Julia, Augustus' granddaughter, or Julia Caesaris Minor, was a Roman noblewoman of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. She was the first daughter and second child of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder. Along with her sister Agrippina the Elder, Julia was raised and educated by her maternal grandfather Augustus and her maternal step-grandmother Livia Drusilla.

Julia the Younger was the elder granddaughter of the Emperor Augustus, sister-in-law, stepdaughter and daughter-in-law of the Emperor Tiberius, maternal aunt of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger, second cousin of the Emperor Claudius, and maternal great-aunt of the Emperor Nero
About 5 BC or 6 BC, Augustus arranged her to marry Lucius Aemilius Paullus.[2] Paullus had a family relation to her as her first half-cousin, as both had Scribonia as grandmother: Julia's mother was a daughter of Scribonia by Augustus; Paullus' mother, Cornelia Scipio, was a daughter of Scribonia resulting from her earlier marriage to Publius Cornelius Scipio Salvito.

Paullus and Julia had a daughter, Aemilia Lepida and (possibly) a son, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. According to Suetonius, she built a large pretentious country house. Augustus disliked large overdone houses and had it demolished.[3]

In 8, according to ancient historians, Julia was exiled for having an affair with Decimus Junius Silanus, a Roman Senator. She was sent to Trimerus, a small Italian island, where she gave birth to a child. Augustus rejected the infant and ordered it to be exposed,[4] or left on a mountainside to die. Silanus went into voluntary exile, but returned under Tiberius' reign.[5]

Sometime between 1 and 14, her husband Paullus was executed as a conspirator in a revolt.[6] Modern historians theorize that Julia's exile was not actually for adultery but for involvement in Paullus' revolt.[7] Livia Drusilla plotted against her stepdaughter's family and ruined them. This led to open compassion for the fallen family. Julia died on the same island where she had been sent in exile twenty years earlier.[8] Due to the adultery that Julia committed, Augustus stated in his will that she would never be buried in Rome.[9] She was survived by her son and daughter and by several grandchildren.

[edit] Unusual naming variantsJulia the Younger was not a Julia Caesaris by birth: being the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa makes her a Vipsania Agrippina by birth, although there are no contemporary sources that show that that name would have been used for her. She came to belong to the household of the Julio-Claudian dynasty as she was raised and instructed by her maternal grandfather Augustus.[10] Further Augustus adopted Tiberius as his son (and heir), and while Tiberius was remarried to Julia the Elder, Augustus somewhat became a paternal grandfather to Julia the Elder's children too, including Julia the Younger. A formal adoption "in the family of the Caesars" among the offspring of Agrippa and Julia the Elder is however only recorded regarding Vipsania Julia's brothers Gaius — hence Gaius Caesar — and Lucius — hence Lucius Caesar.[11] Her sister Agrippina the Elder and other brother Agrippa Postumus are usually called after their natural father. Likewise, her eldest half-sisters, Vipsania Agrippina and Vipsania Marcella, were named after their father. Her youngest half-brother, unnamed in contemporary sources, was later sometimes dubbed Tiberillus, after his father Tiberius.

Note that also the younger of the About 5 BC or 6 BC, Augustus arranged her to marry Lucius Aemilius Paullus.[2] Paullus had a family relation to her as her first half-cousin, as both had Scribonia as grandmother: Julia's mother was a daughter of Scribonia by Augustus; Paullus' mother, Cornelia Scipio, was a daughter of Scribonia resulting from her earlier marriage to Publius Cornelius Scipio Salvito.

Paullus and Julia had a daughter, Aemilia Lepida and (possibly) a son, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. According to Suetonius, she built a large pretentious country house. Augustus disliked large overdone houses and had it demolished.[3]

In 8, according to ancient historians, Julia was exiled for having an affair with Decimus Junius Silanus, a Roman Senator. She was sent to Trimerus, a small Italian island, where she gave birth to a child. Augustus rejected the infant and ordered it to be exposed,[4] or left on a mountainside to die. Silanus went into voluntary exile, but returned under Tiberius' reign.[5]

Sometime between 1 and 14, her husband Paullus was executed as a conspirator in a revolt.[6] Modern historians theorize that Julia's exile was not actually for adultery but for involvement in Paullus' revolt.[7] Livia Drusilla plotted against her stepdaughter's family and ruined them. This led to open compassion for the fallen family. Julia died on the same island where she had been sent in exile twenty years earlier.[8] Due to the adultery that Julia committed, Augustus stated in his will that she would never be buried in Rome.[9] She was survived by her son and daughter and by several grandchildren.

[edit] Unusual naming variantsJulia the Younger was not a Julia Caesaris by birth: being the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa makes her a Vipsania Agrippina by birth, although there are no contemporary sources that show that that name would have been used for her. She came to belong to the household of the Julio-Claudian dynasty as she was raised and instructed by her maternal grandfather Augustus.[10] Further Augustus adopted Tiberius as his son (and heir), and while Tiberius was remarried to Julia the Elder, Augustus somewhat became a paternal grandfather to Julia the Elder's children too, including Julia the Younger. A formal adoption "in the family of the Caesars" among the offspring of Agrippa and Julia the Elder is however only recorded regarding Vipsania Julia's brothers Gaius — hence Gaius Caesar — and Lucius — hence Lucius Caesar.[11] Her sister Agrippina the Elder and other brother Agrippa Postumus are usually called after their natural father. Likewise, her eldest half-sisters, Vipsania Agrippina and Vipsania Marcella, were named after their father. Her youngest half-brother, unnamed in contemporary sources, was later sometimes dubbed Tiberillus, after his father Tiberius.

Note that also the younger of the two sisters
About 5 BC or 6 BC, Augustus arranged her to marry Lucius Aemilius Paullus.[2] Paullus had a family relation to her as her first half-cousin, as both had Scribonia as grandmother: Julia's mother was a daughter of Scribonia by Augustus; Paullus' mother, Cornelia Scipio, was a daughter of Scribonia resulting from her earlier marriage to Publius Cornelius Scipio Salvito.

Paullus and Julia had a daughter, Aemilia Lepida and (possibly) a son, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. According to Suetonius, she built a large pretentious country house. Augustus disliked large overdone houses and had it demolished.[3]

In 8, according to ancient historians, Julia was exiled for having an affair with Decimus Junius Silanus, a Roman Senator. She was sent to Trimerus, a small Italian island, where she gave birth to a child. Augustus rejected the infant and ordered it to be exposed,[4] or left on a mountainside to die. Silanus went into voluntary exile, but returned under Tiberius' reign.[5]

Sometime between 1 and 14, her husband Paullus was executed as a conspirator in a revolt.[6] Modern historians theorize that Julia's exile was not actually for adultery but for involvement in Paullus' revolt.[7] Livia Drusilla plotted against her stepdaughter's family and ruined them. This led to open compassion for the fallen family. Julia died on the same island where she had been sent in exile twenty years earlier.[8] Due to the adultery that Julia committed, Augustus stated in his will that she would never be buried in Rome.[9] She was survived by her son and daughter and by several grandchildren.

[edit] Unusual naming variantsJulia the Younger was not a Julia Caesaris by birth: being the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa makes her a Vipsania Agrippina by birth, although there are no contemporary sources that show that that name would have been used for her. She came to belong to the household of the Julio-Claudian dynasty as she was raised and instructed by her maternal grandfather Augustus.[10] Further Augustus adopted Tiberius as his son (and heir), and while Tiberius was remarried to Julia the Elder, Augustus somewhat became a paternal grandfather to Julia the Elder's children too, including Julia the Younger. A formal adoption "in the family of the Caesars" among the offspring of Agrippa and Julia the Elder is however only recorded regarding Vipsania Julia's brothers Gaius — hence Gaius Caesar — and Lucius — hence Lucius Caesar.[11] Her sister Agrippina the Elder and other brother Agrippa Postumus are usually called after their natural father. Likewise, her eldest half-sisters, Vipsania Agrippina and Vipsania Marcella, were named after their father. Her youngest half-brother, unnamed in contemporary sources, was later sometimes dubbed Tiberillus, after his father Tiberius.

Note that also the younger of the two sisters of Julius Caesar is sometimes named Julia (Caesaris) minor by historians.

Cornelia (around 46 BC-16 BC) was the daughter of Scribonia and consul Publius Cornelius Scipio Salvito. She was married twice. Her first husband was Sextus Julius Caesar III. Together they had one son born in 32 BC, named Sextus Julius Caesar IV. Her second husband was the censor Lucius Aemilius Paullus. Their first son Lucius Aemilius Paullus married his cousin Julia the Younger and their second son Marcus Aemilius Lepidus was consul in 6. She also had a daughter called Aemilia Paulla born in 22 BC who married Publius Memmius Regulus.

Cornelia was the sister of Cornelius Scipio, and was the elder half-sister of Julia the Elder. Cornelia died in the same year of her brother's consulship; if this brother is identified as P. Cornelius Scipio, the date was 16 BC Emperor Augustus, her stepfather, grieved her death as he found her a worthy elder sister to his daughter, Julia. The poet Propertius wrote an elegy of Cornelia for her funeral, praising her virtue and family, including Scipio and Scribonia.

Julia the Elder (30 October 39 BC - AD 14), known to her contemporaries as Julia Caesaris filia or Julia Augusti filia (Classical Latin: IVLIA•CAESARIS•FILIA or IVLIA•AVGVSTI•FILIA[1]) was the daughter and only biological child of Augustus, the first emperor of the Roman Empire. Augustus subsequently adopted several male members of his close family as sons. Julia resulted from Augustus' second marriage with Scribonia, her birth occurring on the same day as Scribonia's divorce from Augustus, who wished to marry Livia Drusilla.

She was the daughter of the Emperor Augustus, stepsister and second wife of the Emperor Tiberius, maternal grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and the Empress Agrippina the Younger, mother-in-law of the Emperor Claudius, and maternal great-grandmother of the Emperor Nero.

At the time of Julia's birth, Augustus had not yet received the title "Augustus" and was known as Octavian until 27 BC, when Julia was 12. Octavian divorced Julia's mother the day of her birth and took Julia from her soon thereafter.[2] Octavian, in accordance with Roman custom, claimed complete parental control over her. Once she became old enough, she was sent to live with her stepmother Livia and began her education as an aristocratic Roman girl. Her education appears to have been strict and somewhat old-fashioned. Thus, in addition to her studies, Suetonius informs us, she was taught spinning and weaving.[3] Macrobius mentions "her love of literature and considerable culture, a thing easy to come by in that household".[4]

Julia's social life was severely controlled, and she was allowed to talk only to people whom her father had vetted.[5] However, Octavian had a great affection for his daughter and made sure she had the best teachers available. Macrobius preserves a remark of Augustus: "There are two wayward daughters that I have to put up with: the Roman commonwealth and Julia."[6]

In 37 BC, during Julia's early childhood, Octavian's friends Gaius Maecenas and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa concluded an agreement with Octavian's great rival Mark Antony. It was sealed with an engagement: Antony's ten-year-old son Marcus Antonius Antyllus was to marry Julia, then two years old.

The engagement never led to a marriage because civil war broke out. In 31 BC, at the Battle of Actium, Octavian and Agrippa defeated Antony and his mistress, Cleopatra VII of Egypt. In Alexandria, they both committed suicide, and Octavian became sole ruler of the Roman Empire.

[edit] First marriageAs was the case with most aristocratic Roman women of the period, Julia's life was focused on her successive marriages and family alliances. Like many Roman girls, she was first married off in her early teens. In 25 BC, at the age of fourteen, Julia married her cousin Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who was some three years older than she. There were rumors that Marcellus had been chosen as Augustus' successor, but Julia's father was not present: he was fighting a war in Spain and had fallen ill. Agrippa presided over the ceremony. Marcellus died in September 23 BC, when Julia was sixteen. The union produced no children.

[edit] Marriage to Agrippa
Julia from "Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum "In 21 BC, having now reached the age of 18, Julia married Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a man from a modest family who had risen to become Augustus' most trusted general and friend. This step is said to have been taken partly on the advice of Maecenas, who in counseling him remarked: "You have made him so great that he must either become your son-in-law or be slain".[7] Since Agrippa was nearly 25 years her elder, it was a typical arranged marriage, with Julia functioning as a pawn in her father's dynastic plans. There is from this period the report of an infidelity with one Sempronius Gracchus, with whom Julia allegedly had a lasting liaison (Tacitus describes him as "a persistent paramour"[8]). This was the first of a series of alleged adulteries. According to Suetonius, Julia's marital status did not prevent her from conceiving a passion for Augustus' stepson, and thus her stepbrother, Tiberius, so it was widely rumoured.[9]

The newly-weds lived in a villa in Rome that has since been excavated near the modern Farnesina in Trastevere. Agrippa and Julia's marriage resulted in five children: Gaius Caesar, Vipsania Julia (also known as Julia the Younger), Lucius Caesar, Vipsania Agrippina or Agrippina the Elder (mother of Emperor Caligula), and Agrippa Postumus (a posthumous son). From June 20 BC to the spring of 18 BC, Agrippa was governor of Gaul, and it is likely that Julia followed him to the country on the other side of the Alps. Shortly after their arrival, their first child Gaius was born, and in 19 BC, Julia gave birth to Vipsania Julia. After their return to Italy, a third child followed: a son named Lucius.

Nicolaus and Josephus mentions that during Julia's marriage to Agrippa, she was travelling to meet Agrippa where he was campaigning, was caught up in a flash flood in Ilium (Troy), and almost drowned.[10][11] Agrippa was furious, and in his anger he fined the locals 100,000 drachmae. The fine was a heavy blow but no one would face Agrippa for an appeal. It was only once Herod, king of Judaea, went to Agrippa to receive pardon that he withdrew the fine. In the spring of 16 BC, Agrippa and Julia started a tour through the eastern provinces, where they visited Herod. In October 14 BC, the couple travelled to Athens, where Julia gave birth to her fourth child, Agrippina. Augustus, who took care of their education personally, adopted the boys Lucius and Gaius Caesar after their father's death in 12 BC. Augustus adopted both the newborn Lucius and the three-year-old Gaius in 17 BC.[12][13]

After the winter, the family returned to Italy. Julia quickly became pregnant again, but her husband died suddenly in March 12 BC in Campania at the age of 51. He was buried in the Mausoleum of Augustus. Julia named the posthumous son Marcus in his honor. He was to be known as Agrippa Postumus. Immediately after the boy was born, and while Julia was still in mourning, Augustus had her betrothed[14] and then remarried to Tiberius, her stepbrother.

[edit] Marriage to TiberiusAfter the death of Agrippa, Augustus sought to promote his stepson Tiberius, believing that this would best serve his own dynastic interests. Tiberius married Julia (11 BC), but to do so he had to divorce Vipsania Agrippina (daughter of a previous marriage of Agrippa), the woman he dearly loved. The marriage was thus blighted almost from the start, and the son that Julia bore him died in infancy.[15] Suetonius alleges that Tiberius had a low opinion of Julia's character,[16] while Tacitus claims that she disdained Tiberius as an unequal match and even sent her father a letter, written by Sempronius Gracchus, denouncing him.[17] By 6 BC, when Tiberius departed for Rhodes, if not earlier, the couple had separated.

[edit] ScandalBecause Augustus was her legitimate father, having married her mother with conubium, Augustus had Patria Potestas over her. Patria Potestas lasted until either the Pater Familias, Augustus, died, or emancipated his child. Marriage had no effect on Patria Potestas, unless it was Manus Marriage which was rare at this point in time.

As the daughter of Augustus, mother of two of his heirs, Lucius and Gaius, and wife of another, Tiberius, it must have seemed to Julia that her future was assured. Yet in 2 BC she was arrested for adultery and treason; Augustus sent her a letter in Tiberius' name declaring the marriage null and void. He also asserted in public that she had been plotting against his own life.[18] Though at the time Augustus had been passing legislation to promote family values, he likely knew of her intrigues with other men but hesitated for some time to accuse her. Several of Julia's supposed lovers were exiled, most notably Sempronius Gracchus, while Iullus Antonius (son of Mark Antony and Fulvia) was forced to commit suicide. Others have suggested that Julia's alleged paramours were members of her city clique, who wished to remove Tiberius from favour and replace him with Antonius. This would explain the letter, written by Gracchus, asking Augustus to allow Julia to divorce Tiberius.[19]

It is hard to reconstruct what actually happened, but historians agree that she had taken part in nightly drinking parties on the Roman Forum and that Antonius was her lover as he is the only lover mentioned by more than two contemporary historians. Several men were also reported to have enjoyed her favors, but this may have been mere gossip.

[edit] ExileReluctant to execute her, Augustus decided on Julia's exile, in harsh conditions. She was confined on an island called Pandateria (modern Ventotene), with no men in sight, forbidden even to drink wine.[20] The island itself measures less than 1.75 square kilometres (0.68 sq mi). She was allowed no visitor unless her father had given permission and had been informed of the stature, complexion, and even of any marks or scars upon his body.[21] Scribonia, Julia's biological mother, accompanied her into exile.[22][23] Upon any mention of her and Julia, he would say: aith ophelon agamos t'emeni agonos t'apolesthai meaning "Would I were wifeless, or had childless died!" [from the Iliad].[24] He rarely called her by any other name than that of his three imposthumes, or cancers. The exile of his daughter left Augustus both regretful and rancorous for the rest of his life.

Five years later, Julia was allowed to return to the mainland, though Augustus never forgave her and ordered her to remain in Rhegium (Reggio di Calabria). He explicitly gave instructions that she should not be buried in his Mausoleum of Augustus. When Tiberius became emperor, he cut off Julia's allowance, ordered that she be confined to the one room in her house, and that she should be deprived of all human company.

[edit] DeathJulia died from malnutrition some time after Augustus' death in 14, but before 15.[25] With her father dead and no sons to take the throne, Julia was left completely at the mercy of the new emperor, Tiberius, who was free to exact his vengeance. The circumstances of her death are obscure. One theory is that Tiberius, who loathed her for dishonouring their marriage, had her starved to death. Another theory is that upon learning her last surviving son Agrippa Postumus had been murdered, she succumbed to despair. Simultaneously, her alleged paramour Sempronius Gracchus, who had endured 14 years of exile on Cercina (Kerkenna) off the African coast, was executed at Tiberius' instigation,[17] or on the independent initiative of Nonius Asprenas, proconsul of Africa. Augustus in his will had forbidden Julia to be buried in his own Mausoleum of Augustus.

[edit] After her deathSuetonius claims that Caligula, the son of Julia's daughter Agrippina and Tiberius's nephew Germanicus, loathed the idea of being grandson of Agrippa, who came from comparatively humble origins. Hence, Caligula invented the idea that his mother Agrippina was the product of an incestuous union between Julia and Augustus.[26]

[edit] PersonalityAmong ancient writers Julia is almost universally remembered for her flagrant and promiscuous conduct. Thus Marcus Velleius Paterculus (2.100) describes her as "tainted by luxury or lust", listing among her lovers Iullus Antonius, Quintius Crispinus, Appius Claudius, Sempronius Gracchus, and Cornelius Scipio. Seneca the Younger refers to "adulterers admitted in droves";[27] Pliny the Elder calls her an “exemplum licentiae” (NH 21.9). Dio Cassius mentions "revels and drinking parties by night in the Forum and even upon the Rostra" (Roman History 55.10). Seneca (De Beneficiis 6.32) tells us that the Rostra was the place where "her father had proposed a law against adultery", and yet now she had chosen the place for her "debaucheries". Seneca specifically mentions prostitution: "laying aside the role of adulteress, she there [in the Forum] sold her favours, and sought the right to every indulgence with even an unknown paramour." Modern historians discredit these representations as exaggerating Julia's behaviour.[28]

Macrobius[29] provides invaluable details of her personality. Julia was well known for her gentle quick wit and sharp tongue. She was deeply loved by her father who admired her wit. Once, when asked her secret for having affairs while bearing children resembling her husband, she stated that she took on new passengers only when the boat was already full.[30] Julia was equally celebrated for her beauty, intelligence and her shameless profligacy but mentions that "she abused the indulgence of fortune no less than that of her father."[31] Despite Julia's reputation, the people who knew her described her as a good-hearted and kind woman who was very popular with the Roman people not least because of "her kindness and gentleness and utter freedom from vindictiveness."[32].

This information seems to dispute the husband shown here - further research needed. Scribonia Magna (flourished 1st century BC and 1st century AD), in the modern historical sources she is known as Scribonia Crassi was a Roman noblewoman that lived in the Roman Empire. Scribonia was the daughter and only child of Lucius Scribonius Libo consul of 16 and Cornelia Pompeia Magna.

Scribonia was a noblewoman of the highest birth and had descended from ancient, distinguished and politically influential blood. Her maternal grandparents were Pompeia Magna and suffect consul Lucius Cornelia Cinna, while her paternal grandparents were consul of 34 BC, Lucius Scribonius Libo and his wife was a member of the gens Sulpicius, the family that the Roman Emperor Galba, had descended from his paternal side. Scribonia’s parents were both direct descendants of Pompeia Magna, the daughter of triumvir Pompey from his third marriage to Mucia Tertia. Lucius Scribonius Libo was a descendant of Pompeia Magna, from her first marriage to senator Faustus Cornelius Sulla, while Cornelia Pompeia Magna was the daughter of Pompeia Magna from her second marriage to suffect consul Lucius Cornelius Cinna.

Scribonia was born before 16, as in 16 her father was stabbed to death by the Roman Emperor Tiberius, who had charged him in planning a revolt against the emperor. Scribonia was born and raised in Rome. Very little is known on her life.

Scribonia had married Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi, a man of consular rank. Frugi’s father, consul and governor Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives, was the adopted son of consul and general Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives the grandson of triumvir Marcus Licinius Crassus. He was the last known direct descendant of the triumvir and was the last known direct descendant of the triumvir who bore his name.

Scribonia bore Frugi four sons and they were:

Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi II - Frugi served as consul in 64 under Roman Emperor Nero. Frugi was later killed by Nero sometime before 68.
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus - who married Roman princess Claudia Antonia in 43, the daughter and only child of Roman Emperor Claudius from his second marriage to Aelia Paetina. Antonia married him as her first husband and they had no children. Magnus was murdered in 47.
Marcus Licinius Crassus Scribonianus - sometime between 68 and 69, the general Marcus Antonius Primus, had offered Scribonianus the Roman Empire and position of Roman Emperor, however Scribonianus refused to accept this.
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus or Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus (38-69). Licinianus was adopted by the brief Roman Emperor Galba, who reigned between 68-69. Licinianus became Galba’s son and heir, who was murdered on the orders of Otho, when trying to obtain the Roman throne. Licinianus married a Roman woman called Verania, who came from a family of consular rank.
In the spring of 47 Scribonia, her husband and her second son Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus were executed on the orders of Roman Empress Valeria Messalina. After Scribonia, her husband and her son had died, the three were placed in the tomb of Licinii Calpurnii that is located on the Via Salaria. Also placed in the tomb was their first son.

Scribonia and Frugi from their first son’s marriage had two grandsons Calpurnius Piso Crassus Frugi Licinianus who was consul in 87 and suffect consul in 88 Lucius Scribonius Libo Rupilius Frugi Bonus. Calpurnius Piso Crassus Frugi Licinianus and his wife Agedia Quintina had conspired against the Roman Emperor Nerva and the couple was banished by Nerva to Taranto. Calpurnius Piso tried for a second time to escape and was banished by the Roman Emperor Trajan to a solitary island and on his third attempt to escape he died. Calpurnius Piso was also placed in the tomb of Licinii Calpurnii. Lucius Scribonius Libo Rupilius Frugi Bonus was an ancestor to Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius.

Aurelia Cotta was a daughter of Rutilia and Lucius Aurelius Cotta. Her father was consul in 119 BC and her paternal grandfather of the same name was consul in 144 BC. The family of the Aurelii Cottae was prominent during the Roman Republican era. Her mother Rutilia, was a member of the gens Rutilius cognominated Rufus. They were of consular rank.

Three of her half-brothers were consuls: Gaius Aurelius Cotta in 75 BC, Marcus Aurelius Cotta in 74 BC and Lucius Aurelius Cotta in 65 BC; they were the sons of her mother, Rutilia's second marriage with her paternal uncle Marcus Aurelius Cotta.

Aurelia married a praetor Gaius Julius Caesar. Her husband died 85 BC – 84 BC. Their children were:

Julia Caesaris Major
Julia Caesaris Minor (101 BC – 51 BC)
Gaius Julius Caesar (100 BC – 44 BC)
[edit] CharacterThe historian Tacitus considers her an ideal Roman matron and thinks highly of her. Plutarch describes her as a "strict and respectable" woman. Highly intelligent, independent and renowned for her beauty and common sense, Aurelia was held in high regard throughout Rome.

Aurelia and her family were very influential in her son’s upbringing and security. Her husband, the elder Gaius Caesar, was often away, so the task of raising their son fell mostly on Aurelia's shoulders. When the younger Caesar was about 18, he was ordered by the then dictator of Rome, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, to divorce his young wife Cornelia Cinna, Cinna's daughter. Young Caesar firmly refused, and by so doing, put himself at great risk from Sulla. Aurelia became involved in the petition to save her son, defending him along with her brother Gaius Cotta.

During the Bona Dea festival, held at Caesar’s house, it was she who discovered Publius Clodius disguised as a woman, ostensibly in order to start or continue an affair with her second daughter-in-law Pompeia Sulla. Although Caesar himself admitted her possible innocence, he divorced her shortly after saying, "Caesar's wife must be above suspicion."

After her first daughter-in-law Cornelia Cinna minor died young, Aurelia raised her young granddaughter Julia Caesaris in her stead and presided as mistress over her son's households.

Parentage not proven.